consequences of conflict in nigeria

US begins mass deportations of Haitian migrants as Haiti calls for moratorium, Hurricane Ida adds misery to 'Cancer Alley': Part I. These conflicts have been on the increase in recent times and now constitute one of the major threats to Nigeria’s national security. These southward movements always pitch them against farmers and the host community whose crops are regularly invaded and destroyed by the cattle during this seasonal movement. Nigeria needs to tighten its borders and develop a better system for mopping up illicit weapons. Northern Nigeria, now broken into several states and three geopolitical blocs, is largely Muslim. Thus, farmlands within the river bank areas are the most affected by the movement of the herdsmen – resulting in a number of clashes. Drawing on detailed empirical research, the purpose of this paper is to examine the multi-faceted causes and consequences of work-family conflict (WFC) in a non-Western context (Nigeria). Nigeria’s resource control is a real issue, which has been relevant because of the country’s environmental downfall, and the lack of development in Niger Delta which is essential for the nation’s economy. Underpinning the escalation in frequency of conflicts in Nigeria is a confluence of environmental and demographic forces, especially desertification caused by climate change and population explosion. Between 1947 and 1959 Nigerian nationalist leaders from different regional, ethnic, and religious communities came together in a series of conferences and parliaments to negotiate the transition to self-rule and to map out a common future. The use of religious and ethnic appeals as tools of political mobilization will become less attractive and find a diminished reception in a climate of justice, equitable resource distribution, and equal opportunities for all. There are many theoretical explanations for the causes and nature of the herder-farmer conflict in Nigeria. Immediate causes of the war in 1966 included ethno-religious violence and anti-Igbo pogroms in Northern Nigeria , [43] a military coup , … Bauchi State occupies total land area of 492,359 km2 and has human population of 4,696,465. Since the return to democracy in 1999, Nigeria has been grappling with diverse security challenges, chief among them are insurgency, election violence, kidnapping and most recently, the herder-farmer conflicts among others. Many farming communities have also accused herders of rape. Constant urbanisation and demographic shifts in the present day world has increased the tendency and likelihood of farmers to move further afield for farming activities. 13. Subsequently, religion became a major topic of national political debates, with each religious community pushing increasingly adversarial agendas. It also made sense to merge a revenue-challenged colonial territory with a prosperous colonial neighbor, so the latter can subsidize the former. Unfortunately, none of this will happen before election season, and the prospects of successful implementation depend heavily on the outcome of the elections. Armed conflict has been a recurring reality in the analysis of postcolonial Africa. In Northern Nigeria, clashes between Muslim groups—mainly ethnic Hausa and Fulani—and Christian and traditionalist communities have become a monthly affair, with devastating consequences. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of legislative-executive conflicts on democratic governance in Nigeria’s fourth republic with some special references to Lagos State. As children continue to bear the brunt of the 12-year conflict in Northeast Nigeria, the European Union (EU) and UNICEF is working to improve mental health of no fewer than 5,129 out of school children in Borno State as part of measures to protect children from the short and long-term effects of Boko Haram/Islamic State in West Africa Province terrorists’ conflict. The persistent attacks in Benue state have had a spill-over effect on the neighbouring state of Nasarawa. The government at all levels has demonstrated near absence of needed political will to proffer lasting solutions to the conflicting claims of different actors in the ongoing conflict between the herdsmen and farmers. Objective We assessed the impact of political conflict (Boko Haram) on tuberculosis (TB) case notifications in Adamawa State in North-east Nigeria. The Taliban want international recognition. When clashes have turned violent, there has been little to no accountability for the perpetrators. Foreign Affairs, Published by the Council on Foreign Relations. Avoiding the Diplomatic Errors That Doomed the U.S. Withdrawal, How a Pro-Climate Vision Can Strengthen America’s Social Fabric, How to Rightsize the Country’s Global Role, The Jihadi Power Struggle in the Taliban’s Afghanistan, Get in-depth analysis delivered right to your inbox, From the Official graft needs to be tackled headlong. Diseases: The AIDS epidemic, as well as dieseases like malaria, inhibits agricultural production in Africa and takes breadwinners from their families. 6 Transnational Dimensions of Conflict between armers and erders in the Western Sahel and Lake Chad asin • Society for Peace Studies and Practice (SPSP) • United States Institute for Peace (USIP-Nigeria) In September 2019, the FFARN hosted a regional delegation of experts dealing with farmer-herder conflicts in collab - oration with the Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution (IPCR). To add to this cauldron, each of the two regions contains ethnic and religious minorities who harbor grievances against ethnic and religious majorities they see as hegemonic oppressors. Your donation directly supported the critical reporting you rely on, the consistent reporting you believe in, and the deep reporting you want to ensure survives. Expectedly, with the depletion of arable land for subsistence farming largely as a result of increasing urbanisation and the adverse effect of climate change, especially along the Lake Chad basin, there is increased struggle between herdsmen and farmers – leading to violent confrontations and conflicts, deaths and forced displacement, as well as the destruction of agriculture and livestock. The democratic opening presented by Nigeria's successful transition to civil rule (June 1998 to May 1999) unleashed a host of hitherto repressed or dormant political forces. Land Use Conflict between Farmers and Herdsmen – Implications for Agricultural and Rural Development in Nigeria, paper presented in Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ilorin, Ilorin Nigeria. Contains spam, fake content or potential malware, http://dailypost.ng/2018/01/30/amnest-international-reveals-manynigerians-fulani-herdsmen-killed-2018, mercycorps.org/sites/default/files/Mercy20Nigeria20State20Costs20, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/north-central/255223-benue-killings-18000-persons-displaced-nasarawa-official.html, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/04/army-launches-operation-harbin-kunama-ii-southern-kaduna/, http://thenationonlineng.net/fed-govt-to-build-94-ranches-in-10-states/, https://www.channelstv.com/2017/05/22/benue-governor-signs-bill-prohibiting-open-grazing-law/. Abah, Roland Clement and Petja, Mareme (2015) The Socio-economic Factors affecting Agricultural Development in the Lower River Benue Basin. This action will also remove this member from your connections and send a report to the site admin. Violent conflicts, in most cases, pose an unquantifiable challenge to human health and health systems especially in developing countries. Boko Haram and its Economic Consequences. Source: www.ghanaweb.com 2021-06-18 Africa's 10 least peaceful countries: South Sudan, Libya, Nigeria listed Many Nigerians deeply distrust the government, and a general sense of anger over its failure to address violence, corruption, and poverty pervades the country. A major stakeholder in this effort, the umbrella body in the cattle rearing business, the Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association (MACBAN), agreed that the effect of climate change and desertification was a major causal factor leading to trans-human movement from North to the South annually.4 Since climate change and other associated factors are beyond what farmers or herders could address, there is need for concerted efforts by the government, private sector, regional bodies and the international community at large to come together to address these challenges. This is bad enough and often degenerates into fierce zero-sum conflicts. ... consequences of their actions. conflict is hard: the very existence of a conflict makes measurement of economic activity difficult, and conflict can interact with the economy through multiple, complex pathways. Although the government had in the past taken some measures to address this phenomenon, the increasing desertification and the effects of climate change have further increased the drive for the herdsmen to move further south in search of grazing land and pasture for their livestock. The Nigerian government has not kept official figures on the conflict, let alone effectively responded. The report concludes that, with support from development partners such as the World Bank, countries are well positioned to address the economic and health consequences of obesity. The Federal government should revisit the 1965 Northern Region Government’s Grazing Reserve System and remodel it to deal with contemporary threats. This volume traces the modern critical and performance history of this play, one of Shakespeare's most-loved and most-performed comedies. The essay focus on such modern concerns as feminism, deconstruction, textual theory, and queer theory. Clashes between Christian and Muslim communities with a history of peaceful cohabitation followed, in which thousands of people were killed, property destroyed, and hundreds of thousands displaced. Found inside – Page 121IN AFRICA : NATURE , CONTEXT AND CONSEQUENCES A.S. Mohammed T Introduction his paper discusses the dynamics of the current ethnic conflicts in Africa with ... 6, Cap 202. – An important theme for a twenty-first century employee is a desire for work and family balance which is devoid of conflict. The scope of work covers the causes types effects and solution of conflicts within an organization. It was the center of a precolonial Islamic empire called the Sokoto Caliphate, and its Muslim populations, especially those whose ancestors had been part of the caliphate, generally look to the Middle East and the wider Muslim world for solidarity and sociopolitical example. Today, Nigeria is laced with some of the most obstinate conflicts, most of them constructed from differences in religious and ethnic identities. This Toolkit provides non-technical, practical help to enable officials to recognise conflict of interest situations and help them to ensure that integrity and reputation are not compromised. Found insideA sophisticated history of colonial interactions in Nigeria during World War II drawing on hitherto unexplored archival resources. Farming capacity has been badly damaged. So far the plan has been implemented in fits and starts, and countrywide ownership of the process is still lagging. Corruption and incompetent leadership have added another wrinkle, preventing the equitable distribution of resources and opportunities and making the politics of religious and ethnic exclusivity more appealing. The conflict in Nigeria’s middle belt unfolds against a broader national backdrop of insecurity, political turmoil, and economic pressure. Resolving the Herders/Farmers Conflict in Nigeria, Policy Brief. This story is presented by The GroundTruth Project. (2018) Response to Conflicts between Farmers and Herders in the Middle Belt of Nigeria: Mapping Past Efforts and Opportunities for Violence Prevention. The desperate advancement of religious solutions to socioeconomic and political problems has deepened social fissures and spawned extremist and violent insurgencies such as the ongoing Boko Haram Islamist terrorist campaign, which has killed and maimed Christians and Muslims alike. The consequences of conflict 13 Table 2.1: Battle and total war deaths in selected African countries Country Period Battle Deaths Total Deaths Algeria 1991–2002 90,200 — Angola 1975–2002 160,500 1.5 million Burundi 1990–2002 6750 200,000 Congo, Brazzaville 1993–2002 9791 — … Found inside – Page 389Igbos also suffered economically from the Nigerian government decision to institute ... Especially worrisome is the conflict between Muslims and Christians. For instance, the government is perceived from some quarters, especially by opposition parties, as being sympathetic to the activities of the herdsmen. Dr. Ochonu is Professor of African History at Vanderbilt University and is the author of "Colonialism By Proxy: Hausa Imperial Agents and Middle Belt Consciousness in Nigeria" (2014). Insecurity and conflict have had serious socioeconomic consequences for Nigeria. The consequences of conflicts on the school organization have been regrettable. Armed conflicts: Africa has more than its share of trouble spots. The issue of discrimination, based on “We” and “Them.” negatively affect the socio-economic and political Nigeria is a complex country in Africa with over 300 ethnic groups and 120 different languages spoken throughout the country. Political will to implement this protocol and other frameworks remains an enabler to the conflict. Social conflict theory basically looks at struggles for power and control in society as a major causal factor of conflict. The crop farmers and nomadic herders worked together in relative peace. The driving force of the clashes is the competition for available resources, especially grazing land. Please confirm you want to block this member. Food prices have shot up, alongside poverty and hunger. publishers of Bauchi State occupies total land area of 492,359 km 2 and has human population of 4,696,465. Religion is another major cause of Nigerian conflicts in Nigeria. This then led to clashes and conflict with farmers and host communities. The Nigerian government has failed to work with the herders and farmers to resolve disputes or address the root causes of the conflict. Ethnic conflict in Nigeria has led to the lack of peace and harmony. Receive latest updates, news and analysis from ACCORD. International law not only set outs prohibitions to acts against basic human rights such as torture of the civilians in an armed conflict but also provides for legal ramifications if such acts take place. To this end, conflict brings to fore, Statement of the Problemcertain nagging issues that exist. The organizational conflict in Nigeria teaching hospitals is examined. Thousands of children are out of school. From this it … Conflicts result into the break down of law and order; It makes it difficult for people to achieve common goals and objectives; Conflicts bring about disunity Mbachu, Ozoemenam (2008) Foreign Policy Analysis: The Nigerian Perspective. According to Lindemann (2008), since the 60s, a total of 24 sub-Saharan African countries (i.e., almost 50% of African states) have suffered war, while 22 other countries have managed to “avoid it”. Found inside – Page 435Conflicts That Shaped the Modern World Spencer C. Tucker ... The war also did little to reduce ethnic and religious tensions in Nigeria. ©2021 Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Effects/Consequences of Conflicts on the Society. The movement of herdsmen and subsequent clashes with farmers and host communities in recent times has heightened insecurity in Nigeria, particularly in the North Central region and by extension in other parts of the country. In Northern Nigeria, clashes between Muslim groups—mainly ethnic Hausa and Fulani—and Christian and traditionalist communities have become a monthly affair, with devastating consequences. The study examined the economic effects of farmer-grazier conflicts in the fadama areas of Bauchi State in Nigeria. Federal Republic of Nigeria. IER JONATHAN-ICHAVER is Executive Director of Sesor Empowerment Foundation, an emergency relief organization. This book provides unique insights into the challenges of development and peace building in the Niger Delta, and insights into other resource-rich but poverty-stricken, conflict-prone regions of the world. Sharia had been a sticking point in Nigerian politics for decades. Adisa, R. S. (2012). Interrogating the theoretical underpinnings, trends and dynamics of conflict over resources between herders and farmers in Nigeria. This bitter conflict has led to wanton destruction of lives and property, and this has become a source of great worry to the writers. The Agande, Ben (2017) ‘Army Launches Operation Harbin Kunama II in Southern Kaduna’. Nigerians do not trust the government to intervene effectively because of its failure to do so thus far, and because of the perception that it is biased in favor of the herders. The conflict in Nigeria’s middle belt unfolds against a broader national backdrop of insecurity, political turmoil, and economic pressure. Following this goal, the specific objectives are to: 1) To examine the effects of legislative-executive feud on political stability in Lagos State. Conflicts between herdsmen and local farmers in different parts of Nigeria has existed for many decades and the rudiments of the causes and effects of these violence remained significantly different and varies from one community to another. During these interactions and in the first few years after independence in 1960, the jarring effects of arbitrary colonial unification manifested as seemingly irreconcilable differences of aspirations, priorities, and visions. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, there are 300 million illicit weapons circulating in Nigeria. This study assesses the economic and social consequences of the Syrian conflict as of early 2017. (2008). The result of this is increased conflict, death, displacement and the total destruction of properties. Conversely, industrialisation and urbanisation have continued to claim all available land, leaving little or nothing for farmers’ survival. In June 2018, the government finally introduced its first ever comprehensive strategy to manage livestock, called the National Livestock Transformation Plan. Subsequently, the grazing reserve system was abandoned due to the neglect of the agricultural sector as the mainstay of the country’s economy. The Federal government of Nigeria should deploy a Joint Task Force comprising military, police, paramilitary and civil institutions to all the affected states as an immediate response to the conflict. But in the last decade, climate change has brought about desertification, which has diminished Nigeria’s supply of water and arable land while population growth has increased the demand for them. Security agencies, for their part, won’t be able to function effectively until they build more trust in the communities in which they operate. Tuesday, June 08, 2021 / 2:52 PM / by CSL Research / Header Image Credit: Ecographics . Given that host communities (including farmers) also have access to sophisticated weapons, minor disagreement or provocation often degenerates into violent clashes, resulting in widespread destruction of property and human casualties. Number of, R.E. THE EFFECTS OF ARMED CONFLICT IN THE CONDUCT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN AFRICA INTRODUCTION. Fifty years after the Biafran conflict, Nigeria is still battling to maintain its unity, with various groups, not just the Igbo, calling for the restructuring of Africa's most populous state. These effects are vivid in … Kwaja, Chris M.A. When conflicts occasionally arose between the two groups, they addressed them through local mediation. To learn more, review our Cookie Policy. For example, farming along the Benue River accounts for over 20 000 tons of grain annually.7 This same area is also fertile ground for herdsmen to feed their cattle. In this way, conflict leads to clear definition of issues. Christian ethnic groups in Southern Nigeria have been drawn into these religious conflicts, with their members in Northern Nigerian cities frequently targeted by Muslim mobs. The ravaging experiences of sectarian conflict elsewhere in the world should be reason enough to nip Nigeria’s current Sunni-Shia tensions in the bud before they escalate further. The amalgamation was an act of colonial convenience. This is hardly surprising, as border problem in Africa is inexorably tied to the politics of its transformation from per-colonial tributary systems into territorial state under imperial tutelage. While the greatest loss to Nigerian society is clearly the cost in human lives, this research In addition to the immediate, direct effects of violence on the economy, there are a number of indirect effects that may last long after the violence has receded. The scope of work covers the causes types effects and solution of conflicts within an organization. This perception is likely due to the fact that the President is Fulani, the same ethnic group that dominates the cattle business. As a result, in Northern Nigeria, minority ethnic groups, mostly Christians, defined and still define themselves against the Muslim Hausa-Fulani majority, under the political rubric of Middle Belt, which is usually a stand-in for “non-Muslim.”. This book is the first attempt to understand Boko Haram in a comprehensive and consistent way. It examines the early history of the sect and its transformation into a radical armed group. Every morning, the editorial team at public radio’s international news show The World meets to plan what they'll cover that day. Corrupt leaders create the drift among ethnic groups. The theory sees social life as a competition and focuses on the distribution of resources and power which are not evenly endowed by nature. Available at: <. Major water sources are shrinking. It examines the nature, pattern, rationale for the conflicts. Paper Presented at the National Defence College Abuja on 26 September 2017 for Participants of Course 26. The book also delivers specific recommendations to reorient U.S. development and diplomatic engagements that can forestall and prevent social disruptions and ensuing threats to U.S. prosperity and national security. Kwaja, Chris M.A and Ademola-Adelehin, Bukola I. Many Nigerians deeply distrust the government, and a general sense of anger over its failure to address violence, corruption, and poverty pervades the … The crop farmers in this region are predominantly sedentary landowners, mostly from the larger of these ethnic groups: the Berom, Jukuns, Tivs, Idomas, Mambila, and Nyandan. The conflict has severely harmed the local economy. Barely 3 days after President Muhammadu Buhari's tweet was deleted for violating the microblogging platform community rules, the government announced an indefinite ban on the operations of the social networking service in Nigeria. But the task before Nigeria’s government has a longer horizon. This volume brings together leading experts from Africa, Europe and North America to examine these critical social institutions and groups, and consider how they can either improve or impede peaceful conflict resolution. Mismanagement of national resources and misrule by multi-ethnic and multi-religious coalitions of successive rulers since independence have impoverished and denied opportunities to the majority of Nigerians. The desert encroachment from the Sahara towards the Sahel region and other associated climatic conditions have continued to affect the livelihood of herdsmen as they push further south in search of available space, pitching them against farmers and host communities. In June 2019, UNICEF said that 1.3 million people in the Anglophone regions needed humanitarian aid. Please note: The government must address the root causes of the conflict by reforming cattle management practices and improving policies on agriculture and land access. Laws of the Federation of Nigeria. In January 2018, the News Agency of Nigeria reported that over 18 000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) were in 11 camps in Nasarawa state.2. PRX is a 501(c)(3) organization recognized by the IRS: #263347402. Beyond the election, the government needs to invest in alleviating poverty, improve the security agencies, visibly prosecute and punish those who break the laws, and communicate clearly in words and in actions its commitment to the safety and security of all Nigerians. There have been small signs of progress. This research project studied the causes, effects and remedies of organizational conflicts in Nigeria. The abandoned grazing reserve system operated in the 1960s has to be revisited. Consequently, grazing reserves which were under a neglected agricultural sector could not be sustained. Godwin, Ameh (2018) Amnesty International Reveals How Many Nigerians Fulani Herdsmen Killed in 2018’ Daily Post News of 30 January 2018. This paper however analyzed the effects and causes of these conflicts in the Nigerian construction industry with the aim of proffering a recommendation based on previous study. People displaced from the middle belt will have a hard time voting, and holding safe and fair elections in the worst affected regions will be difficult. Conflict is an inevitable characteristic in every human society. This, is perhaps the reason, Ekong (2003, p.90) posited that conflict may have positive and negative effects. Modern Nigeria emerged through the merging of two British colonial territories in 1914. This book presents a critical analysis of how oil and gas exploitation - with huge negative impacts on environment, development, and human security - has constructed a disturbing terrain of civil agitation, state repression, violent ... Found insideThis book analyzes the influence of memory on social conflict as well as the role of ethnicity in state formation and governance in Nigeria. This book is the first attempt to understand Boko Haram in a comprehensive and consistent way. It examines the early history of the sect and its transformation into a radical armed group. Disobedience to the Rule of Law. This study is aimed at generating data that will enhance the understanding of conflict, its causes, effects and remedies in Nigerian organizations. Nigeria is a large multi-ethnic country, where ethnic cleavages remain a critical problem and where ethnic violence has erupted periodically. The most striking example is the conflict between Japan and China following Japan’s recent request to have 333 letters from second world war kamikaze pilots included in … Found insideIn this book, African, European, and U.S. experts examine these important issues and the prospects for conflict management and resolution in Africa. Lack of political will remains a hindering factor among member states. Religious and ethnic nationalism h Better leadership is sorely needed. Conflict occurs when two or more actors oppose each other in social interaction, reciprocally exerting social powers in an effort to attain scarce or incompatible goals and prevent the opponent from attaining them. Members of both groups frequently feel compelled to take justice into their own hands through reprisal killings. The conflict in the oil producing region in Nigeria, Africa's largest oil producing country offers a good case for an analysis of the nexus between oil and violent conflict in Africa. 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